Human Trafficking Women Sold Into Prostitution Trades

Human Trafficking: Women sold into Prostitution Trades Introduction Historical Background. First off, prostitution has existed even before Christ set foot on this earth. The term is beyond ancient and has a long-term historic footprint around the world. Over the years women have a long history being apart of sex trafficking whether it’s self volunteered or forcefully. Regardless of the laws that have been established to help decrease to eliminate what is still becoming a hot topic problem in the United States and around the globe, human trafficking is still among us today. My goal in this paper is to emphasize on the importance of eliminating women and children solicitation in the black market. Consequently, human trafficking has forcefully placed women from around the world in this sex trade for many years, losing everything from there money, children, self respect and dignity. Human trafficking was developed during the times of slavery in the 1400s. Ever since then everyone around the globe wanted a part of the growing trend â€Å"slave trading.† In fact about 2.5 million people are getting sold and traded in the black market at any given time. Since women are a high demand in the market, prostitution is about $32 billion dollar annual industry. (Soroptimist, 2012) Moreover, prostitution is known as the oldest profession existing. Almost 100 years ago before it became a crime it was actually the norm in many societies. In fact, prostitution during 2400 B.C. â€Å"the SumerianShow MoreRelatedProstitution Is The Oldest Profession922 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking into Prostitution women are usually thought to be the lowest form a part of the human species, people make assumptions as to why a women would even bother with the idea of subjecting herself to harsh treatment by others, people often correlate the idea of prostitution with human traffic king. That each of these categories are of association, prostitution is â€Å"the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment.† While human trafficking is â€Å"the illegal movementRead MoreHuman Trafficking In Russia: Prostitution661 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Trafficking In Russia: Prostitution Human trafficking is one of the major problems that is facing Russia. And Russia is considered the largest country in the whole world. It is massively known for the origin and final destination of trafficked men, women, and children who are forced to labor. Trafficking is carried out mainly for the purpose of exploitation, which includes prostitution, forced labor, slavery, removal of organs and many others (human trafficking in and out of Russia). This isRead MoreThe Revolution Of New Orleans1453 Words   |  6 Pagesto how long prostitution has been a part of America. Prostitution dates back to the beginning of colonization in the United States, but wasn’t considered a legal act. At the time the laws just didn’t acknowledge what a prostitute or the act of prostitution itself was. In 1721, the French government shipped eighty women to the colony of New Orleans that housed seven hundred men to promote marriage. Also, as a means to detour the men from having relations w ith the Native American women. However, theRead MoreProstitution Is Legal For Human Trafficking1010 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Are you serious? Girls are not just objects, they are human beings just like everyone else.† That disgusts me, are the thoughts I was having when I saw that Thailand has a total of around three million sex workers in their country, and the number is increasing. Prostitution is legal but human trafficking is not. How can we make prostitution legal and then not expect is to lead to more human trafficking around the world. Prostitution is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity withRead MoreShould Sex Trafficking Be Legalized?1644 Words   |  7 Pagessex for some is just as strong as the drive to eat or drink. Just like humans learned how to trade for food and beverages, they learned how to trade for sex. Prostitution is known for being the world s oldest profession, but in several ways the trading of sex is a mystery, mostly in the United States, where sex trade is one of the country s greatest unregulated industries. In Sweden they take a different approach on prostitution; Sweden instead of making the selling of sex illegal, outlawed the buyingRead MoreHuman Trafficking Is The Illegal Act Of The Trading Of Human Beings1510 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is the illegal act of the trading of human beings for the main purposes of sexual slavery, and forced labor. The 1400’s was the beginning of the African slave trade and has been going on ever since. This crime s tarted in the 1400s and has been ongoing ever since, growing exponentially every decade. This crime is a violation of human rights and yet it is happening worldwide, even here in the United States. This needs to be stopped because victims in this system experience physicalRead MoreHuman Trafficking1315 Words   |  6 PagesOutline Topic: Human Trafficking General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about Human Trafficking. What it is, where it is and who gets affected. Central Idea/Thesis: Human trafficking is overlooked but occurs on a more widespread basis then people believe. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: What if you were promised a better life with an advanced career, but instead were forced into prostitution? Many are unknowingly placed into this position by human traffickersRead MoreThe Trafficking Of Human Trafficking886 Words   |  4 Pages(Attention catcher)What if somebody came into your life and guaranteed a better lifestyle, but instead you were enslaved into human trafficking? Human trafficking is when a person is abducted from their current situation and mostly likely used for sex slavery. Furthermore, did you know human trafficking increased over the years? (Listener relevance) Although you may not be as aware in your comfortable surroundings, you should always be aware of suspicious vehicles and people. Even though we enjoyRead MoreHuman Trafficking Has Become A Meaningless Term `` By Noah Berlatsky852 Words   |  4 PagesIn the article, Human Trafficking Has Become a Meaningless Term† by Noah Berlatsky, the author argues that human trafficking is not modern-day slavery, and that â€Å" politicians and activists often abuse it to push for punitive laws or to incite moral panic†. (Berlatsky) It is apparent that the author s agenda is to rationalize his position on legalizing prostitution by downplaying the reality of sex trafficking. For example, Berlatsky depicts human sex trafficking as a concept thatRead MoreHuman Trafficking : A Serious Global Issue1404 Words   |  6 PagesHuman trafficking is and has been a serious global issue that dates as far back as Greek and Roman times. It became extremely prevalent in the 1600s with the introduction of the African slave trade to North America; it had begun in the early 1400s in Europe and Portugal (Source 1). However, as time progressed, another serious form of human trafficking gained â€Å"popularity†; sex trafficking. Sex trafficking is an â€Å"umbrella term† that includes many different commercial sex work. For example, â€Å"prostitution†¦

A Brief Note On International Financial Reporting Essay

Analysis of Proposed Amendments to IFRS 3 Natalie A. Szczep September 17, 2016 International Financial Reporting ACG4253 Abstract Over the previous 2 years, the IASB conducted a review of IFRS 3, which is the definition of a business. The conclusion was that this definition needed to be revised, and this is one of the current projects open for comment with the IASB. The following pages will examine what the proposed revision will entail and how this may affect US companies. Also mentioned will be the effects of this amendment based on how IFRS and US GAAP are applied. Further, the focus can also be shifted to evaluate how this amendment would affect a US company doing business abroad. IFRS 3 defines what a business is and how to account for the purchase of a business. The interpretation of what a business is makes a crucial starting point in preparing financial statements and required information. A set of assets purchased may not be defined as a business (Exposure Draft ED/2016/1, 2016). When the IASB did their review of IFRS 3 over the last two years, the result was that users are noticing complications surrounding how a business is defined in IFRS 3. There was also a review done in the US by the FASB on the equivalent standard in US GAAP and the results were very similar. In response to this, the IASB and the FASB have collaborated and come up with possible changes to IFRS 3 that would alleviate these issues. Since IFRS 3 was a resultShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On International Financial Reporting Standards Essay864 Words   |  4 Pagesregulations that applied to those businesses. International American corporations are now facing the challenge of conv erting from United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in a near future. IFRS is an international accounting standards that were developed by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). These standards define how a company should report its financial statements based on accounting principle ratherRead MoreA Brief Note On International Financial Reporting Standards1078 Words   |  5 Pages International Financial Reporting Standards BA 321 Christopher McGee February 26, 2017 Introduction In the world of business, there are many aspects that go into making a company run smoothly. One of the main departments of every company is the accounting department. Accounting is all about keeping up with the financial records. The accountant can’t just keep up with the records whatever they choose; there are standards that have to be followed. The standards suchRead MoreThe Edition Of Financial Accounting : A User s Perspective1006 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Wiley Sons Canada Ltd. would like to issue a 7th edition of Financial Accounting: A User’s Perspective. I have been asked to give my thoughts on how we could improve the previous version. Here are some suggestions that I hope can be useful for the next publication. In the 6th edition, the financial statement samples of well-known companies give accurate information as to how a balance sheet is written. Because the statements were produced by a legitimate accounting entities, I believe theRead MoreIntroduction. Financial Accounting Standards Board Has1013 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Financial Accounting Standards Board has defined the conceptual framework as – ‘A coherent system of interrelated objectives and fundamentals that is expected to lead to consistent standards and that prescribes the nature, function and limits of financial accounting and reporting.’ The conceptual framework describes the objective of, and the concepts for, general purpose financial reporting. It is a tool that – 1. Assists the FASB to develop and create new International Financial ReportingRead MoreParmalat Case Answers Essay1225 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Parmalat Finanziaria, S.p.A. Case Brief Summary: Case Questions: 1). Identify key factors or circumstances that complicate an independent audit of a multinational company One thing to always keep in mind is that the culture is different across the globe. Auditors of multinational companies may face cultural and communication barriers with their clients, which can complicate audit tasks. We also have to account for different currency across different countries and any transactions involving themRead MoreThe Valuation of Human Capital in an Organization691 Words   |  3 Pagesmeasurable assets including buildings, equipment and inventory is increasingly being questioned. Human capital is widely recognized as an important component to the enterprises total statement of its financial position. This brief study discusses whether human capital should be assessed and reported in the financial statement of the organization. I. The Definition of Human Capital Human capital can be defined as all strategic issues of people, performance and culture in an organization. (All About HumanRead MoreIssues in Contemporary Accounting: Differences in Accounting Standards2884 Words   |  12 Pagesguidelines of what accounting steps should be taken and suggest what ought to be done in relation to accounting principles and practice. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are principles-based and is a conceptual framework that establishes broad rules, outlines standards, and dictates specific treatments (IFRS 2011). It is adopted by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). This paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the accounting conceptual framework and theRead MoreHuman Resource Accounting8122 Words   |  33 PagesJournal of International Business and Cultural Studies Human resource accounting and international developments: implications for measurement of human capital Maria L. Bullen Clayton State University Kel-Ann Eyler Wesleyan College Abstract Human Resource Accounting (HRA) involves accounting for expenditures related to human resources as assets as opposed to traditional accounting which treats these costs as expenses that reduce profit. Interest and contributions to growth in HRA have been evidentRead MoreAuditing Chapter 23101 Words   |  13 Pagesattestation services are audits of historical financial statements, attestation on the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, reviews of historical financial statements, and other attestation services. 2. Accounting and bookkeeping services Accounting services involve preparing the client s financial statements from the client s records. Bookkeeping services include the preparation of the client s journals and ledgers as well as financial statements. 3. Tax servicesRead MoreIndicators of of Progress and Development950 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstandable to all, was adopted jointly by the world communities. The present chapter has been divided in to five Sections. Section I briefly describes the origin of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and list of MDGs, its targets and indicators. A brief description of Millennium Development Goals in India has been provided in section II. Need of the study and its objectives have been given in section III. Section IV discusses the data availability for measuring the indicators of MDG in Indian context

The education implementation in Singapore Free Essays

string(129) " value educationThe authorities concerted selling of host states to pull international pupils \( eg: US section of province \) \." The authorities has made the fantastic growing in instruction by making many authorities aided and private establishment for universe broad instruction. Compulsory Educations ( CE ) for all childrens who are above the age four. This pays manner for quality instruction for Singapore. We will write a custom essay sample on The education implementation in Singapore or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Singapore authorities accepted CE in 1999.Apart from instruction the schools provide different curricular activities for the extra accomplishments. The cosmopolitan instructions to primary and secondary degrees. CE looked important and value for Singapore circumstance. Among 45, Singapore ranked 4th in instruction system ( Progress in international reading literacy survey, 2006 ) . MOE has made enormous procedure in instruction system. The Singapore instruction is most secured state for choice instruction around the universe, the authorities ( MOE ) has introduced many new structured for instruction system and got strong repute. In 2010 the one-year budget for instruction $ 9.7 billion, over 350 schools in primary, secondary and station secondary instruction. For quality educational system Singapore has been ranked 1st.The planetary partnership with the coaction of universities from worldwide are accepted by MOE. Singapore known for universes best executing school system.The instruction system in Singapore ‘s are adopted by the MOE that leads to the Singapore to universe category instruction. ( MOE ) The vigorous third instruction will pull international pupils to obtain occupations and wealth. Top institutes like NUS and NTU has founded effectual in regional repute ( eg ; NUS was rated as one of top 5 multi disciplinary university in Asia.This two establishment has the capableness of pulling the international pupils from abroad. This indicates the large pool universities which might increase Singapore part for international pupils market. Even so the attract of full fee giving international pupils entirely in the undergraduate and professional graduate student status ( eg: MBA Programmers ) merely non in research oriented postgraduate programmes. The universe category universities that could keep recession for featuring out universe category R A ; D, this aid in branding Singapore corresponds a Chancellor of the Exchequer instruction hub. The present universities NUS, NTU and SMU these are the cardinal university subdivision, which creates Singapore ‘s regular endowment l ine for regional schools and offering good international instruction. The organisation of recent educational establishment and companies has given 22,000 new occupations, in this 13,000 aspires learning related and 9,000 aspires administrative, managerial. The investing in instruction of Singapore curves set up with old ages of schooling, with return to third instruction largely higher than non third instruction. The architecture of Singapore ‘s economic system builds high value to knowledge activities. The private returns to education scopes of 6-10 % . Proposed norm of private rate to return higher instruction ( higher than secondary ) is doubled the rate.19 % to private on versus 11 % for societal rate return in higher instruction. Polytechnic instruction has accomplished rate of return than secondary instruction, the rate of return to third instruction ( polytechnic and universities ) ciphering clip series information declined for past 2o old ages. Third instruction for completed universities degree increases the pay rate by 18 % over all that is diploma and above. The rates of return university arose in 2004 while comparing 2001 except postgraduate degree. The rate of return in station alumnus pupil at maestro degree has ris en varies from 19.5 % in 2001 to 23.1 % in 2004.Doctorate degree increased for first grade and Masterss degree. The return university has increased loosely in 2004 compared to 2001.Singapore Standard educational categorization ( SSEC ) , 2000.In engineering school and university degree they achieved award in highest reserve. By the CPE ( Council for private instruction ) has regulated the private instruction sectors gifted with legislative power. The local private instruction industry helps the capacity for development. The CPE made a function in developing private instruction industries, the attack of holistic addition the overall quality for private instruction participants. Among private instruction establishment the industrial leaders and associations has created strong civilization duty. In Dec 2009 private instruction act was visualized to registration model for the overseas of private instruction sectors. The sure and good regarded private instruction sector, the rise of pupil public assistance services has made private instruction sectors increases for the international pupils. The ICPE ( Integrity, Care, Professionalism and Excellence ) this should be undertaken by staffs in CPE for the overall development of pupils. The council has developed two strategies as ERF ( Enhanced Registration Framewo rk ) and choice confidence strategy known as EduTrust.The ERF strategy undertakes the private instruction establishment supplying classs in grade and sheepskin as full clip for taking award enfranchisement, by fall ining MOE the private instruction establishment chief watercourse schools offering fulltime predatory courses.EduTrust strategy has mentioned quality in certification for the private instruction institution.The celebrated private instruction sectors have the international attached universities to the Singapore establishment. Education aims to work with industry leader and association to make a strong civilization for duty among private instruction establishments. International Students can hold good instruction quality.Cost competitory is just for pupils to acquire universe category instruction quality when comparing UK, USA and Australia.Asia pacific regional hub for third institutions.Inter cross civilization applicable for international pupils in language.Region for top states to international pupils particularly China and India.Place for safe instruction to pupils from different countries.Apart from instruction the extracurricular activities attracted more international pupils. The deficiency of quality in linguistic communication pronunciation by professors and teachers.Accommodation deficit is affordable.The private bureau quality is assurable for students.Student base on balls is complicated to private establishment and schools.By pulling international pupils the private sectors has gained, so the deficiency of quality in instruction In higher instruction the planetary market is around US $ 30billonThe pupils from Asia is 45 % by top beginning countryThere is demand in growing to Asiatic pupils for quality in education.The GDP growing per capita ( % ) in 2001-2006 is 2.4Public disbursement on instruction ( % GDP ) in 2001-2006 is 3.7The third school registration ( % gross ) in 2001-2006 is 29.8 There is an chances to international pupils to take other countries.In Singapore the international pupils from private establishment do n’t hold chances that lowers the value educationThe authorities concerted selling of host states to pull international pupils ( eg: US section of province ) . You read "The education implementation in Singapore" in category "Essay examples"Quality abroad establishment perceived here ( US, UH and Canada ) .Invention of more figure of IT companies The Singapore authorities is bettering their concern in instruction and there is a demand for quality in instruction. Many private establishments are pulverizing their sectors in instruction field with offering degree certifications valid equal to universe category instruction. Singapore is best for higher instruction in universe because more Numberss of new reaching of foreign private sectors so the quality of higher instruction going low. The Singapore authorities taking their higher instruction in measure mode. In June 2o1o the Singapore authorities MOE ( ministry of instruction ) announced an S $ 850million ( us $ 628 ) contract for the standard ict operating environment ( soe ) for all authorities and authorities aided schools The Raffless instruction corporation steped in Singapore in 1990 this corporation has achieved about 17 colleges transversally the Asia pacific- Singapore, Malaysia, India, Australia, China, hong kong, Mongolia and Thailand. In 2004 Raffless entered their concern direction instruction sectors with geting of Hartford, the Raffless made in two group of college trade names as RafflesDesign and Hartford institutes.the Raffless frequently concentrate in design classs besides this they offer diplomas and degrees.the grade certified by universities of engineering and middlesex university for Masterss also.The instruction market in Singapore is little incomparison to the regional market and it is of import for Raffless instruction corporation to develop its footmark in the part to take advantage of the turning demand for instruction in Singapore. Raffles instruction corporation has made their growing demand for instruction, they are the best private instruction organisation for Singapore.man y awards won by their pupils in international competitions in different classs in course of study activities.they are the one of developed instruction corporation in Singapore In 1993 the stansfeild school of concern had began with offering London university for external grade programmes it include the Singapore institute of commercialism at now.stansfield function in English programme to fit the pupils from the school with skilled English so the pupils can make their grade programme at Singapore institute of commerce.In Singapore 40 pupil from China are analyzing at the SIC.The stansfield is acquiring bigger in Asia at market degree.This group build up their concern schools in India, China and Vietnam this is because the pupils from Asia can easy travel between these different colleges.This establishment construction is strong and so the pupils can make their first twelvemonth in China, their 2nd in India and their 3rd in Singapore. This group needs to supply more than grade so add value by offering more abroad exposure the Asians Pacific pupils prefer Singapore for third instruction by this group. Like Singapore, our programmes are geared towards assisting kids who graduate from abroad kindergartens to be good prepared and confident when they enter into states formal school system. ‘The Crestar instruction group focal point on younger kids ‘s to different course of study activities. They are supplying the preschool instruction, infant attention and pupil betterment services. Besides this kinder land runs ELFA preschool and kid attention Centre. These three trade names, kinder land, ELFA and the Crestar larning all have overseas at now. The Crestar other preschool trade name is ELFA, which has quality for larning to all, the school speech patterns on skill footing of Chinese linguistic communication which set up in2000, this group are more than 20 Centre ‘s in China and Singapore. The Centre ‘s gives support to educational programmes such instructions like how to utilize abacus, painting or originative writing.107 Centre ‘s with half already based outside Singapore. ‘CEG ( Crestar Education Group ) ‘s strength lies in its capableness to offer assorted preschool instruction service in course of study development, teacher preparation, Centre operation, franching and auxiliary enrichment programmes ‘ The group has sustained the maximal growing degree to universe market. These three establishment are top most superior in universe category universities ( WCU ) .The WCU is a deferral Centre ‘s to put to death the universe category R A ; D carry over cognition to industry and Chancellor of the Exchequer to educational hub. NUS ( National University Of Singapore ) and NTU ( Nan yang Technological University ) , the establishment is host and competitory universities in Singapore. These two universities made their landmark for quality instruction. These two universities attempts in instruction have made Singapore ‘s instruction system democratic in universe market. The NTU and NSU growing rate is ( CAGR ) 8.3 % over 2000-2009.The MOE adopts the instruction systems to these universities. The authorities has decided to allow NUS and NTU independently has a ability by integrating net income companies same to SMU is greater run.Both NTU and NUS is one of the best manner for passing public fund in a manner of efficient has bond for rule greater ans werability. NUS has been ranked 18th among 200 universities in world.NUS has renowned in technology and IT universities placed 9th in the study of module ranking, celebrated universities. They had 14 modules and schools offering taking classs foremost and higher grades. They are one of best establishment for the international pupils to prosecute their sheepskin and grades in Singapore NTU in 2004 by the economic expert intelligence unit they have rated best in the universe for MBA pupils by the member economic expert group ranking.NTU was among universe ‘s top 100 MBA schools, for portion clip.This is a all right establishment for making polytechnic and other diploma.NTU made their superior 9th topographic point out of 39 universities in scientific discipline and engineering schools overall all right MBA schools 2000 class in Asia. Four colleges and two autonomy establishment is organized by NTU the colleges provide undergraduate and station alumnus SMU ( Singapore direction universities ) is undertaken by the private owned establishment formed as a mixture with Wharton schools of concern in universities of Pennsylvania.The University has junctions for establishment and schools. The concern schools, station alumnuss and besides double degree classs with jurisprudence are the familiar to this establishment. The under alumnus and station alumnus are widely preferred by the pupils. The university constructing up their construction for pulling international pupils. The grade classs and the extracurricular activities paying every bit good instruction systems. The SMU is private establishment which is adopted by the MOE.The celebrated Edu Trust certification has being provided by these establishments. These made the quality instruction good in Singapore. .NTU, NSU and SMU has the argument formats for holding their ain ideas to be shared in the argument conference made by this group How to cite The education implementation in Singapore, Essay examples

Proposal for Improving Healthcare Organization

Question - Prepare an evidenced based proposal for a quality improvement to be implemented in your healthcare organisation ? Describe it in two parts - (a) Quality improvement/change proposal (b) Reflaction PART A: INTRODUCTION Evidence based practices are available for a number of health conditions like cardiac disorders, asthma, diabetes or osteoporosis. But it is not necessary that these practices are implemented in care delivery and therefore, variation in these practices is possible. Earlier, the patient safety resided in the fact that the complete analysis of the patient safety issues would result in improvements and new implementations that would promise better health outcomes (Leape LL. 2005). Implementation of evidence based practices is practically very difficult as it requires strategies and the plans to address the complexity of systems of care, leadership of the seniors, individuals as practitioners and eventually changing the health care culture that prevails into an evidence based safety practice environments (Leape LL. 2005). Evidence based practice can be defined as a concept of judicious use of clinical practices along with the clinical expertise and consideration of the patient values as well when the patient related health care decisions are to be made. Research has shown that the best examples of evidence based literature comes from the randomized controlled trials, evidence that is collected from scientific experiments which includes descriptive as well as qualitative research based studies (Titler, M. 2008). In several cases, the evidence based practice is not sufficient to implement the strategies and in such scenarios the non research evidence is selected along with experts opinion and the scientific principles. Evidence based practice is important to establish the base for the International Patient Safety Goals (IPSG), according to which evidence and expert based consensus is required to promote specific improvements in the patient safety and health care measures. There are six major goals, as m entioned in IPSG- identification of the patient correctly, improvement of the effective communication strategies, improving the safety of the high alert medications, ensuring correct site, dosage, procedure and surgery, reduction in the risk of site infections and lastly reduction in the risk of patient harm that can result from falls (Titler, M. 2008). AIM The aim of this research proposal is to analyze the quality of strategies that can be implemented in order to improve the safety of the high alert medications. This paper describes the medicines that fall into the category of high alert medicines and also discussed about the policies or the procedures that have been defined or described to address the identification, labeling, location and proper storage of such medicines. OBJECTIVES Medication error is a term that is used to describe any preventable event that can lead to inappropriate medication use and harm the patient eventually causing fatal outcomes. There are many factors associated with medication errors, like similarity in the names of the medicines, uncommon medicines that are seldom prescribed, common medicines to which the patient is allergic and medicines that require testing for their toxicity and maintenance of their therapeutic levels (Hughes, R. Blegen, M. 2008). High alert medications are those medicines that have the potential of causing maximum harm if used with error. The top five high alert medicines are insulin, opiates/ narcotics, potassium chloride or phosphate concentrate that is injectable, intravenous anticoagulants like heparin and solutions of sodium chloride ( 0.9%) (Hughes, R. Blegen, M. 2008). In order to ensure medication safety, it is important to make and implement strategic plans for prevention of errors. There are several o bjectives that need the focus of the health care department. It is important to improve the methods of detection of errors, their reporting and the use of relevant information when dealing with or involved in the administration of medications. The primary focus will be on the errors that are associated with the medication and the corresponding adverse drug reactions. The very first objective should be to keep the process of focusing and learning about the medication errors ongoing so that the errors can be prevented in future (Kirke C. 2009). Secondly it will be important to enhance the awareness of the staff regarding the conditions that risk the safety of the patient, like easy and accurate identification of serious or hazardous conditions, by the staff members (Kirke C. 2009). The next objective should be to utilize the information on medication errors and their prevention, proactively. Another objective for the health care facilities should be to seek improved patient related ou tcomes. Lastly, the health care providers should reduce the legal liabilities for the patients who are poor, their health outcomes due to adverse drug reactions (Manias et al. 2014). Every objective will be faced with some form of potential barriers and threats like the nurses or the other health care staff might face the fear of reporting errors due to compulsory requirements of that hospital relating to the harm to the professional license of the practitioner. In certain cases even the culture gets the blame and even worse can be the legal restrictions that are imposed on the medication error information (Kirke C. 2009). To avoid these barriers and threats it is important for the hospital authorities to implement the programs of quarterly focused discussion in which the front line staff can discuss about the problems that they face with the use of the medication. Secondly, the hospital authorities and the administration staff should ensure that they conduct training programmes and education training programmes for teaching the members of the medication safety team regarding the principles of error reduction by learning to standardize, restrict access, simplify, limit the use, automate, creation of false safes and improvement of access to information (Cronenwett et al. 2007). The utilization of electronic techniques is increasing gradually in the medical line. Therefore, the strategy of using electronic devices to record the administration of medications, their dosage, time duration, time of administration, patient reaction to the dose, changes in the dose and other relevant observation. In other words, a method should be created to capture or record the pharmacy interventions electronically either by using a palm held system or using the pharmacy computer system for the same. The data that is stored this way can be further used to identify the additional opportunities that can be utilized for improvement of the medication process. RATIONALE Research in the field of medication safety is being conducted on a large scale. The medical practices involve great risk and include such practices that are vulnerable to error and these threats pose fatal risks for the health outcomes of the patients. The errors that occur during the process of administration of medication, arise due to many reasons but these reasons are still unknown (Pretorius et al. 2013). Therefore, it is important for the medical facilities to understand the cause of error and try to implement the strategies that aim in reducing or preventing medication errors. CRITICAL REVIEW Collection of data, when the question is of patient safety, is very important. The factors that contribute to medication errors are poorly understood by the medicine practitioners. The review discussed here is based on the survey of the staff and the physicians in the United States (Kaldjian et al. 2008). This survey explores the reporting of actual, hypothetical errors, the attitude of the staff towards these errors and the demographic factors that are responsible for the same. The study involved responses from 338 participants. Most of the participants agreed that the act of reporting errors significantly improved the quality of care for the future patients. After selection of the potential participants, the survey was conducted. It was self administered, paper based survey that did not require and personal identification information and the authorities assured the participants that their identities would be kept anonymous. The survey questionnaire dealt with the actual experiences of the participants (Kaldjian et al. 2008). The disclosures were queried for two basic mistakes that either resulted in prolonged treatment regime or caused discomfort or resulted in any form of disability or death. In each of the case, the participants were asked whether they reported or did not report the incident. The question included in the questionnaire were based on the knowledge and the attitude that was present among the participants regarding the reporting of the errors and these varying attitudes were based on the taxonomy of the factors that facilitated and impeded disclosure. The survey was designed in such a way that it encompassed the details relating to the responsibilities towards the community, the barriers in the attitudes, uncertainities, helplessness, anxieties and fears. Several demographic variables were also considered like the training level of the hospital staff, sex, speciality, differenciation between medical error and the mistake. The survey was conduct ed by ensuring anonymity of the details of the participants by not asking for their age, graduation year or their race or ethnicity. The survey was tested for validity of face, its clarity and the stability over time and the variation that would arise by surveying 16 participants. Time interval of two weeks was set and two rounds of identical survey was distributed to these participants. Statistical measures like the Spearman correlation of each of the response, was done depending upon the stability of each of the items. Items, for which the Spearman coefficient was less than 0.50, were neglected and not included in the final questionnaire. The reliability of all the questions that were included in the questionnaire, varied from being good to excellent, with Spearman p= 0.6 (Kaldjian et al. 2008). The results obtained through the survey were such that 17.8% of the participants acknowledged the reporting of minor errors that occurred during prolonged treatment or during the case of discomfort (Kaldjian et al. 2008). 3.8% of the participants reported major errors that occurred during the cases of death or in serious cases of disability. Among the other data, 16.9% participants did not acknowledge reporting minor error while 3.8% participants did not acknowledge reporting of major error. However, the likelihood of reporting a hypothetical error was based on the outcome of the error (Kaldjian et al. 2008). 92% of the respondents hinted that they would report a hypothetical harm if it resulted in major harm, while 73% indicated that they would report hypothetical error if it resulted in minor harm. The physicians believed that reporting of the errors would enhance the quality of care being provided to the patients and also improve the treatment methodologies (Kaldjian et al. 2008). But 54.8% of the participants did not know how to report error to their institutions while 40% of the respondents were not able to distinguish between the types of errors that should be reported. The consequences of this study make vital commitments to a constrained experimental writing on doctor reporting of therapeutic slips to enhance tolerant wellbeing. Our information give new data from showing healing facilities about demeanor to reporting, real practices, and the potential impact of demographic components, for example, level of preparing and convictions about absolution (Kaldjian et al. 2008). Especially eminent was the finding that albeit a large portion of our respondents showed they would likely appear for their establishments a speculative lapse bringing about minor or real mischief to a patient, just 17.8% recognized perpetually reporting a genuine minor mistake, and just 3.8% recognized regularly reporting a real significant blunder. Moreover, 16.9% of respondents reco gnized not reporting a real minor lapse and 3.8% recognized not reporting a genuine significant blunder. Taken together, these results propose there may be a crevice in the middle of demeanor and practice among doctors with respect to the reporting of therapeutic lapses. The consequences of this study make vital commitments to a constrained experimental writing on doctor reporting of therapeutic slips to enhance tolerant wellbeing. Our information give new data from showing healing facilities about demeanor to reporting, real practices, and the potential impact of demographic components, for example, level of preparing and convictions about absolution. Especially eminent was the finding that albeit a large portion of our respondents showed they would likely appear for their establishments a speculative lapse bringing about minor or real mischief to a patient, just 17.8% recognized perpetually reporting a genuine minor mistake, and just 3.8% recognized regularly reporting a real sign ificant blunder. Moreover, 16.9% of respondents recognized not reporting a real minor lapse and 3.8% recognized not reporting a genuine significant blunder. Taken together, these results propose there may be a crevice in the middle of demeanor and practice among doctors with respect to the reporting of therapeutic lapses. One of the major concerns of the participants was about the legal liabilities of the error reporting as this was supposed to have a greater impact on the future consequences associated with the reporting of the error. But the major drawback of the study was that it did not consider the case of legal implications post error reporting (Kaldjian et al. 2008). There were many other limitations as well. The primary drawback was the anonymity of the survey. This was because even though the survey was anonymous, the social desirability factor may have led to biased answers that the participants would have thought to be more acceptable socially. Secondly, the hypothetical error vignette was considered in the study such that the outcomes of the severity of the variables served as the dependent variables for the multivariate analysis but the answers that were given to the hypothetical scenarios did not actually predict the real behavior during the actual situation. Thirdly, the participants that were included in the study belonged to the teaching hospitals and mainly represented internal medicine, pediatrics and family medicine. This restricted the scope of the study that was conducted. Although the use of multivariate setting might not have affected the multivariate analysis but the lack of generalization of results can be contemplated (Kaldjian et al. 2008). The consequences of this study recommend that doctors' state of mind about the estimation of mistake reporting may not be matched by real practices. On the off chance that rectify, the potential reasons for this error should be tended to. Human services organizations ought to proceed with endeavors to make learning situations in which slip examinations are esteemed and the individuals who examine their own mistakes are regarded. Foundations ought to likewise guarantee that blunder reporting frameworks are secret, straightforward, and worthwhile. To persuade doctors that reporting mistakes is not a vain activity, organizations ought to promote cases that show the association between slip investigation and framework change. Foundations ought to additionally show doctors how to report mistakes and what slips to report (Kirke C; Irish Medication Safety Network 2009). Without such endeavors to encourage a movement to a society of reporting among doctors, the impact of governmentally secur ed patient security reporting frameworks is liable to be decreased and the reporting predisposition natural in these frameworks will be unrealistic to diminish. Finally, establishments ought to consider approaches to advance patient-focused moral values that may spur doctors to report mistakes amidst countervailing pressures, particularly in showing healing facilities where good examples have key influence in the arrangement of trainees' disposition and practices. Such values are rightly seen as a feature of medicinal professionalism and reflect a pledge not only to great frameworks yet to the benefit of our future patients (Kaldjian et al. 2008). METHODS FOR EVALUATION The medication error that occurs at the time of administration occurs mainly due to omission or commission when administering parenteral drug that might harm the patient (Valentin, et al. 2009). In most of the studies the errors that were addressed belonged to majorly five type or categories: wrong drug, wrong dose, wrong time, wrong route and missed dose of medication. The errors can be further classified into different categories based on their type of administration like intravenous bolus, subcutaneous, intravenous continuous (Valentin, et al. 2009). Secondly, the errors can be classified based on the class of drug like sedation or analgesia, catecholamines or vasopressors, coagulation related, antimicrobial, insulin and others (Valentin, et al. 2009). CONCLUSION Quality of health care is assumed to be the sole foundation of patient safety and therefore, it is important to effectively manage and improve the existing gaps and errors that exist in the care providing facilities. Institute of Medicine (IOM) is one such work group that attempts to define the health quality in terms of standard. These standards are not compulsorily in terms of the possibilities or the clusters of concepts for the indicators. Quality improvement in terms of error prevention mean prevention of major or minor errors by the nurses or the physicians so that the health of the patient is not at stake. All the medication errors that have been classified on different basis need to be avoided in order to ensure proper and un obstructed process of treatment without and negative health outcomes (Mitchell, P. 2008). This improvement can be done by implementing different strategies that will help in identifying the main causes of errors as well as the preventive measures that ca n train the staff and also make the staff aware of the precautions that need to be taken when handling the drug administration process. Over time more robust measure like the accreditation standards and the increase in the requirements of error reporting have led to a stronger business case for the hospitals and have thereby led to increased safety of the patient. Before, we have regularly seen nursing's obligation in patient wellbeing in slender parts of patient consideration, for instance, dodging medicine lapses and anticipating patient falls. While these measurements of security stay vital inside the nursing domain, the broadness and profundity of patient wellbeing and quality change are far more noteworthy. The most basic commitment of nursing to patient wellbeing, in any setting, is the capacity to facilitate and coordinate the different parts of value inside the consideration straightforwardly gave by nursing, and over the consideration conveyed by others in the setting. This integrative capacity is likely a part of the oft-rehashed finding that wealthier staffing (more prominent rate of enrolled attendants to other nursing staff) is connected with less inconveniences and lower mortality (Mitchell, P. 2008). The evaluation, measurement and research on this component of effective health care and patient safety is essential step towards promoting positive health outcomes for the patients because the medication errors play a major role in controlling the recovery and cure of the illness. Due to this, majority of the hospitals have already implemented various strategies to overcome and prevent the medication related errors. Part B : REFLACTION INTRODUCTION The practice of reflection has become very common in the recent years such that it governs the process of nursing and influences the practice and education all around the world. The profession of nursing requires the nurses to be educated and have practice based skill implementation. Reflection has been referred as the transferable skill which is implemented or incorporated into the clinical practice enabling the practitioner and the patients to understand themselves as well as others in a better way. In order to utilize reflection for the benefit, it is essential to ensure that the reflection is purposeful and goal directed. Since reflection is a dynamic process, there have been many frameworks that aim in compiling all the components of a perfect reflection based approach. One such framework is Gibbs (1998) Reflective cycle. The framework of this cycle is based on the experimental learning phenomenon and uses a series of questions as a base or guide to provide a genuine structure f or the practitioner to reflect upon his experience in the clinical set up. The Gibbs reflective cycle focuses upin six major highlights: Description about what happened, feelings about the entire case or scenario, evaluation of the situation of whether it was good or bad, analysis of the complete situation, conclusion about what else could have been done and plan of action and the preparedness for the situation if it arises again. DESCRIPTION The case revolves around an elderly woman who is admitted in intensive care unit. She was admitted with the problem of respiratory failure requiring incubation and demonstrating symptoms that are consistent with sepsis. The lady was being care for at a continuous stretch of 12 hour shift but she faced problems in renal function with increase in the inotrope dependence. Knowing that the CT scan had been done one week prior to the present scenario, and also knowing about no significant findings, the ladys son was told about the poor prognosis of her ailment. Since the patient had to be transferred to the radiology department for other scans and tests, she was sedated, as a result of which there was increase in inotropes as hypertension occurred due to heavy sedation. Throughtout the transfer the patient was unstable with episodes of bradycardia and hypotension. Adrenaline boluses were given and large fluid boluses (gelofusine) were also given. CT scan was abandoned mid way and the resu stication process was carried out. But there was lack of appropriate resustication process and thus, it led to cardiac arrest of the patient and she died. The son was present when the patient died. FEELINGS When these events occurred I had the feeling of guilt and inadequacy. I felt that since the patient was already suffering from multiple health problems, transferring the patient would result in further discomfort and cause potential danger. During the transfer, when the patient started showing signs of bradycardia and hypotension, I was worried and had concerns for preventing cardiac arrest. When I returned to the ICU, I realized that the dignity as well as the concerns of the family of the patient were ignored and not respected in any form. EVALUATION There were both positive as well as negative implications of the experience. On a positive note, the team work of the heath care unit was worth appraisal as they took good care of the patient but on the negative side I feel the ethical issues surrounding the patient, the clinical condition of the patient and the problems being encountered during the patients care should have been discussed more appropriately and the error in the dosage of sedative should have been prevented. ANALYSIS In situations of severe sepsis, there is impairment of tissues and its perfusion along with micro vascular coagulation and all this cumulatively can lead to multiple organ failure, finally leading to death (Robson Newell 2005). In order to prevent multiple organ failure, the patient should receive targeted organ support in form of mechanical ventilation, rfluids, inotropic or vasopressor administration or administration of blood products in order to increase oxygenation and enable maximum perfusion. The use of steroids in the ICU has been under debate and it has been also shown that if steroid are given in low doses, it can reduce the risk of death in some patients who are suffering from the condition of septic shock (Annane 2000). However, the major question that arises here is about the decision of CT scan post the deteriorating condition of the patient. CONCLUSION It can be concluded that the condition of sepsis in the critical care environment is a very complex process to handle and the treatment for this condition is possible only under specialized conditions. There may be many ethical considerations and dilemmas for the staff that caters to a septic patient, but in such cases it is important to consider the condition of the patient in the first place and then prescribe the medications/ drugs or treatment measures. In this case, I felt, that the need for CT scan made the case slip out of our hands. Since the patient was not at all stable during the transfer, it would have been sensible to skip transfer and CT scan and progress with the treatment and prevention plan for cardiac arrest. Although the final decision regarding the choice of treatment resided with the anaesthetist, however, I could have challenged the decision of the anesthetist, thereby advocating the interests of the patient. ACTION PLAN By reflecting on this case study, I have gained understanding of sepsis and the potential threats and the ethical problems which were or can be encountered when caring for the patient. I am now more confident to face challenge the decisions made relating to treatment which do not fit best in the interest of the patient. I have now a greater understanding of the professional responsibility to advocate on patients behalf with the aim of safeguarding against the potential dangers. It is thus, possible for me now to hope for better patient related outcomes and health benefits for future patients. REFERENCES American Hospital Association, 2002, Pathways for medication safety: Leading a strategic planning effort. Annane, D., 2001, Effects of the Combination of Hydrocortisone-Fludro-Cortisone on Mortality in Septic Shock Critical Care Medicine Vol. 28, pp. 46. 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